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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xyT6mqBJge4&feature=youtu.be
Geographic Regions of Georgia: Overview." New Georgia Encyclopedia. Ed. NGE. NGE, n.d. Web. 01 Sept. 2014.
Late Prehistoric/Early Historic Chiefdoms (ca. A.D. 1300-1850)." New Georgia Encyclopedia. Ed. NGE. NGE, n.d. Web. 01 Sept. 2014.
In the Upper Coastal Plain, which covers the central and southwestern portions of the state, agriculture is the The diverse landscapes of Georgia result from geological and climatic forces working throughout time, with some recent direct influence from human activities.
Physiographic Regions of Georgia
Georgia encompasses parts of five distinct physiographic provinces: theAppalachian Plateau, the Valley and Ridge, the Blue Ridge, thePiedmont, and the Coastal Plain. The form of the landscape and the climate of the area influenced the development of vegetation and animal life in each of these provinces. Although Georgia is the largest U.S. state east of the Mississippi River, it covers only about 300 miles from north to south, providing a small range in which biological diversity may occur. With elevations ranging from sea level to more than 4,700 feet and a diverse geological base with many different soil types, however, the ecology of Georgia is widely varied.
Part of the Appalachian Plateau, including Lookout Mountain, is located in the extreme northwestern corner of Georgia. The Ridge and Valley extends northeast to southwest through the state, connecting portions of Georgia and Tennessee with eastern Alabama.
Cloudland Canyon
This province consists of numerous northeast-to-southwest-trending ridges with associated valleys. It has historically been the source of mining activity with some farming in the valley floors. The Blue Ridge is the southern extent of the major mountain range of the Appalachians that extends into Georgia. The highest points in the state, including Brasstown Bald (4,784 feet above sea level), are in the Blue Ridge. This area traditionally has been an area of mining—the first gold rush in the United States took place at Dahlonega in 1828—but today the Blue Ridge,
Brasstown Bald
with its mountain streams and cool summer breezes, serves primarily as a source of recreation. The Piedmont is home to most of Georgia's population. This area of mountain foothills once served as the primary area for growing cotton. Most of Georgia's cities are in the Piedmont, and the area is highly industrialized, with industries as diverse as carpet milling, aircraft and automobile manufacturing, and poultry processing. Agriculture is still a significant economic activity, but animal products such as poultry, eggs, and beef are dominant.
The Atlantic Coastal Plain is south of the fall line, which extends across Georgia from Augusta on theSavannah River, at the South Carolina border; to Milledgeville on the Oconee River; to Macon on theOcmulgee River; to Columbus on the Chattahoochee River, at the Alabama border. The fall line forms the geologic boundary between the Piedmont and Coastal Plain; rivers flowing across this juncture produce waterfalls. Cities were created at these falls on major rivers as points for cargo transfer from riverboats and barges to trains and wagons.
The Coastal Plain has two parts, the Upper Coastal Plain and the Lower Coastal Plaindominant activity. The core of the state's peanut, cotton, and vegetable industry is here. The Lower Coastal Plain includes the actual coastal area of the state and the Sea Islands, as well as theOkefenokee Swamp. Although
Chattahoochee River
some agricultural activity occurs, the area is significant because of shipping and recreation associated with the Georgia coast.
Sources of water in Georgia are divided by geology at the fall line into the northern part, which depends almost exclusively on surface water because of the underlying granitic rock types, and the southern part, which has excellent aquifers (bodies of rock porous enough to conduct water to wells and springs) and uses primarily groundwater. Unfortunately, since most of Georgia's population, including the entire metropolitan Atlanta area, resides in the Piedmont, surface water must supply most of the state's water needs
The Nature of Chiefdoms
Prior to European exploration, the Indians of Georgia and other parts of the Southeast had achieved the highest level of political organization north of the Mesoamerican Aztec and Maya states. These southeastern political organizations are termed chiefdoms by anthropologists. A chiefdom, ruled by a hereditary and often semi-divine chief, was typically a multiple town organization, with a population in the low thousands. The chief resided in a capital town, with other towns paying tribute to support him and his family, part-time craftspersons, and military expeditions. Chiefdoms typically built impressive monuments.
Etowah Mounds
In the Southeast, Native Americans constructed large earthen mounds as platforms for the homes of their chiefs and the temples to their gods. Chiefdoms rarely exceeded twenty-five miles in diameter and were surrounded by large empty spaces that served as hunting preserves as well as buffer zones from political rivals. The present state of Georgia was the home of several chiefdoms. Through eyewitness accounts of sixteenth-century Spanish explorers and the archaeological record, we now know a great deal about these groups.
Inhabitants of these Georgia chiefdoms had what archaeologists call aMississippian lifestyle. The women were farmers, growing corn, beans,squash, sunflowers, and other plants. The men supplied meat by hunting and fishing, because there were no domesticated animals. They gathered other wild foods, such as herbs, nuts, and berries.
Warfare was another major occupation for men of the chiefdoms. Both early Spanish accounts and archaeology reveal the importance of warfare in the lives of these people. Spanish explorers fought battles against large armies of Native Americans in the Southeast. Archaeologists have uncovered complex fortifications around native towns and have found direct evidence of war wounds, including scalping marks, on excavated skeletons of Southeastern Indians. Prehistoric art from archaeological sites, such as Etowah in Georgia, frequently depicts war themes.
Chiefdom of Coosa
Coosa is one of the best-known chiefdoms in the area that is now Georgia. Located on the Coosawattee River in modern Gordon and Murray counties, Coosa (according to Spanish explorers) consisted of eight towns, of which archaeologists have located at least seven. The capital, an archaeological site known as Little Egypt, was excavated by archaeologist David Hally for the University of Georgia in the early 1970s. The Little Egypt site comprised three earthen mounds surrounding an open plaza area in the center of a large village. One other town had a single mound, while the other villages lacked mounds. The population of the Coosa chiefdom is estimated to have been 2,500 to 4,650 people.
The chiefdom of Coosa was part of a larger political organization, the paramount chiefdom of Coosa; the Coosa chief ruled over other, similar chiefdoms, stretching from what is now upper eastern Tennessee to east-central Alabama.
Hernando de Soto
There were at least seven chiefdoms in this large organization, according to archaeological and historical sources. This paramount chiefdom extended along the western edge of the Appalachian Mountains for a distance of almost 400 miles and contained a population of up to 50,000 people. Chroniclers of theHernando de Soto expedition of 1540 described Coosa in glowing terms. It is only from historical sources that we can reconstruct the paramount chiefdom of Coosa. From an archaeological perspective, this large organization incorporated several different linguistic and cultural groups.
The King site was perhaps a typical village within the paramount chiefdom of Coosa. This archaeological site, located on the Coosa River west of modern Rome, was excavated by David Hally of the University of Georgia and Patrick Garrow of Shorter College (later Shorter University). It was made up of approximately forty-seven houses surrounding an open courtyard, with a large public meetinghouse near the center of town. The village was heavily fortified with a wooden palisade wall and an encircling ditch. Estimates of the King site population range from 277 to 517 people.
Other Chiefdoms
Other chiefdoms were located on most of Georgia's major river drainages and on the Atlantic coast. Another paramount chiefdom, named Ocute according to early Spanish sources, was located along the Oconee River from present Milledgeville almost to Athens. This polity consisted of six mound centers and many villages, hamlets, and farmsteads. Archaeologists from the LAMAR Institute, the University of Georgia, and Penn State University have tested all the mound centers and several of the smaller archaeological sites. This area is unusual in that many people lived in scattered farms in the uplands instead of being concentrated in the river valley, as in most other chiefdoms.
The chiefdom of Ichisi, also visited by Hernando de Soto, was located between modern Macon andPerry on the Ocmulgee River.
Ocmulgee National Monument
The capital town was probably located at the present-day Lamar archaeological site, a part of Ocmulgee National Monument. Three, perhaps four, additional archaeological town sites that made up this chiefdom have been identified. The Southeastern Indian historian Charles Hudson suggests that the chiefdom of Ichisi may have been allied with the chiefdom of Ocute.
Other major chiefdoms mentioned in Spanish sources and known through archaeology include Toa on the Flint River, Capachequi near present Albany, Apalachicola near modern Columbus, and Guale located on the Georgia coast in an area centering on St. Catherines Island. The Guale chiefdom is known from early Spanish sources and was the scene of major missionary efforts in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. Archaeologists from the American Museum of Natural History have excavated the main mission complex on St. Catherines. Other late prehistoric chiefdoms, whose names were not recorded in historical sources, include polities centered on the Nacoochee Mound near Helen, Georgia, and the upper Savannah River area.
End of the Chiefdoms
Georgia's chiefdoms collapsed very quickly following European exploration in the sixteenth century. Europeans brought in many new diseases to which Native Americans had no natural immunity; consequently, their populations plummeted. Because these reduced populations could no longer support a hereditary elite stratum of society, the chiefdom form of political organization was replaced by simpler forms. The arts declined, in part because craftspersons were no longer subsidized. Within a century European technology had already replaced aboriginal technology.
In areas of coastal and southern Georgia, Native American populations were incorporated into the expanding Spanish mission system.
Spanish Mission Sites in Georgia
In other areas, disease led to population movements and amalgamation into ever-decreasing numbers of towns. The Coosa chiefdom, for example, collapsed into a few towns, which came to be located far down the Coosa River in present Alabama. By the end of the sixteenth century northwestern Georgia had chiefdoms led to the formation of such familiar Native American societies as the Creek and the Cherokee.been abandoned, but it was resettled by Cherokee Indians in the eighteenth century.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xyT6mqBJge4&feature=youtu.be
Geographic Regions of Georgia: Overview." New Georgia Encyclopedia. Ed. NGE. NGE, n.d. Web. 01 Sept. 2014.
Late Prehistoric/Early Historic Chiefdoms (ca. A.D. 1300-1850)." New Georgia Encyclopedia. Ed. NGE. NGE, n.d. Web. 01 Sept. 2014.
In the Upper Coastal Plain, which covers the central and southwestern portions of the state, agriculture is the The diverse landscapes of Georgia result from geological and climatic forces working throughout time, with some recent direct influence from human activities.
Physiographic Regions of Georgia
Georgia encompasses parts of five distinct physiographic provinces: theAppalachian Plateau, the Valley and Ridge, the Blue Ridge, thePiedmont, and the Coastal Plain. The form of the landscape and the climate of the area influenced the development of vegetation and animal life in each of these provinces. Although Georgia is the largest U.S. state east of the Mississippi River, it covers only about 300 miles from north to south, providing a small range in which biological diversity may occur. With elevations ranging from sea level to more than 4,700 feet and a diverse geological base with many different soil types, however, the ecology of Georgia is widely varied.
Part of the Appalachian Plateau, including Lookout Mountain, is located in the extreme northwestern corner of Georgia. The Ridge and Valley extends northeast to southwest through the state, connecting portions of Georgia and Tennessee with eastern Alabama.
Cloudland Canyon
This province consists of numerous northeast-to-southwest-trending ridges with associated valleys. It has historically been the source of mining activity with some farming in the valley floors. The Blue Ridge is the southern extent of the major mountain range of the Appalachians that extends into Georgia. The highest points in the state, including Brasstown Bald (4,784 feet above sea level), are in the Blue Ridge. This area traditionally has been an area of mining—the first gold rush in the United States took place at Dahlonega in 1828—but today the Blue Ridge,
Brasstown Bald
with its mountain streams and cool summer breezes, serves primarily as a source of recreation. The Piedmont is home to most of Georgia's population. This area of mountain foothills once served as the primary area for growing cotton. Most of Georgia's cities are in the Piedmont, and the area is highly industrialized, with industries as diverse as carpet milling, aircraft and automobile manufacturing, and poultry processing. Agriculture is still a significant economic activity, but animal products such as poultry, eggs, and beef are dominant.
The Atlantic Coastal Plain is south of the fall line, which extends across Georgia from Augusta on theSavannah River, at the South Carolina border; to Milledgeville on the Oconee River; to Macon on theOcmulgee River; to Columbus on the Chattahoochee River, at the Alabama border. The fall line forms the geologic boundary between the Piedmont and Coastal Plain; rivers flowing across this juncture produce waterfalls. Cities were created at these falls on major rivers as points for cargo transfer from riverboats and barges to trains and wagons.
The Coastal Plain has two parts, the Upper Coastal Plain and the Lower Coastal Plaindominant activity. The core of the state's peanut, cotton, and vegetable industry is here. The Lower Coastal Plain includes the actual coastal area of the state and the Sea Islands, as well as theOkefenokee Swamp. Although
Chattahoochee River
some agricultural activity occurs, the area is significant because of shipping and recreation associated with the Georgia coast.
Sources of water in Georgia are divided by geology at the fall line into the northern part, which depends almost exclusively on surface water because of the underlying granitic rock types, and the southern part, which has excellent aquifers (bodies of rock porous enough to conduct water to wells and springs) and uses primarily groundwater. Unfortunately, since most of Georgia's population, including the entire metropolitan Atlanta area, resides in the Piedmont, surface water must supply most of the state's water needs
The Nature of Chiefdoms
Prior to European exploration, the Indians of Georgia and other parts of the Southeast had achieved the highest level of political organization north of the Mesoamerican Aztec and Maya states. These southeastern political organizations are termed chiefdoms by anthropologists. A chiefdom, ruled by a hereditary and often semi-divine chief, was typically a multiple town organization, with a population in the low thousands. The chief resided in a capital town, with other towns paying tribute to support him and his family, part-time craftspersons, and military expeditions. Chiefdoms typically built impressive monuments.
Etowah Mounds
In the Southeast, Native Americans constructed large earthen mounds as platforms for the homes of their chiefs and the temples to their gods. Chiefdoms rarely exceeded twenty-five miles in diameter and were surrounded by large empty spaces that served as hunting preserves as well as buffer zones from political rivals. The present state of Georgia was the home of several chiefdoms. Through eyewitness accounts of sixteenth-century Spanish explorers and the archaeological record, we now know a great deal about these groups.
Inhabitants of these Georgia chiefdoms had what archaeologists call aMississippian lifestyle. The women were farmers, growing corn, beans,squash, sunflowers, and other plants. The men supplied meat by hunting and fishing, because there were no domesticated animals. They gathered other wild foods, such as herbs, nuts, and berries.
Warfare was another major occupation for men of the chiefdoms. Both early Spanish accounts and archaeology reveal the importance of warfare in the lives of these people. Spanish explorers fought battles against large armies of Native Americans in the Southeast. Archaeologists have uncovered complex fortifications around native towns and have found direct evidence of war wounds, including scalping marks, on excavated skeletons of Southeastern Indians. Prehistoric art from archaeological sites, such as Etowah in Georgia, frequently depicts war themes.
Chiefdom of Coosa
Coosa is one of the best-known chiefdoms in the area that is now Georgia. Located on the Coosawattee River in modern Gordon and Murray counties, Coosa (according to Spanish explorers) consisted of eight towns, of which archaeologists have located at least seven. The capital, an archaeological site known as Little Egypt, was excavated by archaeologist David Hally for the University of Georgia in the early 1970s. The Little Egypt site comprised three earthen mounds surrounding an open plaza area in the center of a large village. One other town had a single mound, while the other villages lacked mounds. The population of the Coosa chiefdom is estimated to have been 2,500 to 4,650 people.
The chiefdom of Coosa was part of a larger political organization, the paramount chiefdom of Coosa; the Coosa chief ruled over other, similar chiefdoms, stretching from what is now upper eastern Tennessee to east-central Alabama.
Hernando de Soto
There were at least seven chiefdoms in this large organization, according to archaeological and historical sources. This paramount chiefdom extended along the western edge of the Appalachian Mountains for a distance of almost 400 miles and contained a population of up to 50,000 people. Chroniclers of theHernando de Soto expedition of 1540 described Coosa in glowing terms. It is only from historical sources that we can reconstruct the paramount chiefdom of Coosa. From an archaeological perspective, this large organization incorporated several different linguistic and cultural groups.
The King site was perhaps a typical village within the paramount chiefdom of Coosa. This archaeological site, located on the Coosa River west of modern Rome, was excavated by David Hally of the University of Georgia and Patrick Garrow of Shorter College (later Shorter University). It was made up of approximately forty-seven houses surrounding an open courtyard, with a large public meetinghouse near the center of town. The village was heavily fortified with a wooden palisade wall and an encircling ditch. Estimates of the King site population range from 277 to 517 people.
Other Chiefdoms
Other chiefdoms were located on most of Georgia's major river drainages and on the Atlantic coast. Another paramount chiefdom, named Ocute according to early Spanish sources, was located along the Oconee River from present Milledgeville almost to Athens. This polity consisted of six mound centers and many villages, hamlets, and farmsteads. Archaeologists from the LAMAR Institute, the University of Georgia, and Penn State University have tested all the mound centers and several of the smaller archaeological sites. This area is unusual in that many people lived in scattered farms in the uplands instead of being concentrated in the river valley, as in most other chiefdoms.
The chiefdom of Ichisi, also visited by Hernando de Soto, was located between modern Macon andPerry on the Ocmulgee River.
Ocmulgee National Monument
The capital town was probably located at the present-day Lamar archaeological site, a part of Ocmulgee National Monument. Three, perhaps four, additional archaeological town sites that made up this chiefdom have been identified. The Southeastern Indian historian Charles Hudson suggests that the chiefdom of Ichisi may have been allied with the chiefdom of Ocute.
Other major chiefdoms mentioned in Spanish sources and known through archaeology include Toa on the Flint River, Capachequi near present Albany, Apalachicola near modern Columbus, and Guale located on the Georgia coast in an area centering on St. Catherines Island. The Guale chiefdom is known from early Spanish sources and was the scene of major missionary efforts in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. Archaeologists from the American Museum of Natural History have excavated the main mission complex on St. Catherines. Other late prehistoric chiefdoms, whose names were not recorded in historical sources, include polities centered on the Nacoochee Mound near Helen, Georgia, and the upper Savannah River area.
End of the Chiefdoms
Georgia's chiefdoms collapsed very quickly following European exploration in the sixteenth century. Europeans brought in many new diseases to which Native Americans had no natural immunity; consequently, their populations plummeted. Because these reduced populations could no longer support a hereditary elite stratum of society, the chiefdom form of political organization was replaced by simpler forms. The arts declined, in part because craftspersons were no longer subsidized. Within a century European technology had already replaced aboriginal technology.
In areas of coastal and southern Georgia, Native American populations were incorporated into the expanding Spanish mission system.
Spanish Mission Sites in Georgia
In other areas, disease led to population movements and amalgamation into ever-decreasing numbers of towns. The Coosa chiefdom, for example, collapsed into a few towns, which came to be located far down the Coosa River in present Alabama. By the end of the sixteenth century northwestern Georgia had chiefdoms led to the formation of such familiar Native American societies as the Creek and the Cherokee.been abandoned, but it was resettled by Cherokee Indians in the eighteenth century.